{"id":3519,"date":"2018-12-19T10:14:46","date_gmt":"2018-12-19T07:14:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.synepimelia.gr\/?p=3519"},"modified":"2019-06-13T09:12:48","modified_gmt":"2019-06-13T06:12:48","slug":"%ce%b3%ce%bf%ce%bd%ce%b9%ce%ba%ce%ae-%ce%b1%cf%80%ce%bf%ce%be%ce%ad%ce%bd%cf%89%cf%83%ce%b7-%cf%84%ce%bf-%cf%83%cf%8d%ce%bd%ce%b4%cf%81%ce%bf%ce%bc%ce%bf-%cf%84%ce%bf%cf%85-gardner-%ce%ba","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.synepimelia.gr\/?p=3519","title":{"rendered":"\u0393\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u0391\u03c0\u03bf\u03be\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7: \u03a4\u03bf \u00ab\u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u00bb \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 Gardner \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b4\u03af\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf."},"content":{"rendered":"<h1 class=\"entry-title\">\u0393\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u0391\u03c0\u03bf\u03be\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7: \u03a4\u03bf \u00ab\u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u00bb \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 Gardner \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u00a0\u03b4\u03af\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf<\/h1>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\">\u0393\u0399\u0391 \u039d\u0391 \u0394\u0395\u0399\u03a4\u0395 \u03a4\u039f \u03a0\u03a1\u03a9\u03a4\u039f\u03a4\u03a5\u03a0\u039f \u03a0\u0399\u0395\u03a3\u0391\u03a4\u0395 <a href=\"\/\/psychonomika.info\/2016\/05\/09\/%CE%B3%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE-%CE%B1%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BE%CE%AD%CE%BD%CF%89%CF%83%CE%B7-%CF%84%CE%BF-%CF%83%CF%8D%CE%BD%CE%B4%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%BF-%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85-gardner-%CE%BA\/\"><span style=\"font-size: 24pt;\">\u0395\u0394\u03a9<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-3524\" src=\"https:\/\/www.synepimelia.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/12\/94745386-where-daddy.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"546\" height=\"430\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.synepimelia.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/12\/94745386-where-daddy.jpg 609w, https:\/\/www.synepimelia.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/12\/94745386-where-daddy-300x236.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 546px) 100vw, 546px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u0397 \u00ab\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03be\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7\u00bb (parental alienation) (\u03ae \u00ab\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7\u00bb) \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c4\u03af\u03bc\u03b7\u03c3\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03ae\u03b3\u03b1\u03b3\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b2\u03b9\u03b2\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03b1 \u03bf Richard Gardner (Gardner, 1985), \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03ac\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf (parental alienation syndrome \u2013 PAS) \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03ce\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c8\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c6\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c7\u03c1\u03ae\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03af\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2, \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03af\u03bc\u03b7\u03c3\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5, \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03c9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ad\u03be\u03b1\u03c1\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b4\u03af\u03ba\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03b9\u03bc\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u039f \u03cc\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd Gardner (Gardner, 1985), \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b9 Wallerstein \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 Kelly (1976), \u03ae\u03b4\u03b7, \u03b5\u03be\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b6\u03c5\u03b3\u03af\u03bf\u03c5, \u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03bb\u03b9\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c6\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf \u03c0\u03b1\u03b8\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd, \u03cc\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03b4\u03af \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03ad\u03b1, \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03c2 \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03bf, \u03b1\u03c1\u03bd\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03ad\u03c1\u03b8\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b1\u03c6\u03ae \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf \u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03ad\u03b1, \u03c6\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b5\u03af \u03bf \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03ad\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5. \u0391\u03c1\u03b3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1, \u03bf\u03b9 \u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03b9 (Wallerstein &amp; Kelly, 1980), \u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03cc\u03c1\u03bf \u201cembittered-chaotic parent\u201d \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c8\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf \u03c6\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf, \u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ac\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac. \u0395\u03bd\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1, \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2, \u03bf Reich (1949), \u03c3\u03c5\u03b6\u03ae\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03b2\u03bb\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03be\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u039c\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 Gardner, \u03c4\u03bf \u03b8\u03ad\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03be\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2, \u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03cd, \u03ad\u03ba\u03c4\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5, \u03b5\u03bc\u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b3\u03cd\u03c1\u03c9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03cc\u03c1\u03bf \u00ab\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03be\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7\u00bb. \u039a\u03ac\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u03c2\u00a0\u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03ba\u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u00ab\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03be\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7\u00bb, \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03be\u03b5\u03bd\u03c9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac (Siegel &amp; Langford, 1998), \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03c2\u00a0\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac \u03ae \u03c8\u03c5\u03c7\u03bf\u03c0\u03bd\u03b5\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd. \u0395\u03c0\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03c2, \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03b9\u00a0\u03cc\u03c1\u03bf\u03b9 \u00abparental alienation\u201d (PA) (Clarkson &amp; Clarkson, 2007\u0387 Meier, 2009), \u00abparental alienation syndrome\u201d (PAS) (\u03b2\u03bb. \u03b5\u03bd\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac Cartwright, 1993\u0387 Faller, 1998), \u00abchild alienation\u201d (CA) \u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03b9. \u0397 \u03ad\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c8\u03b7 \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03cd \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ae \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03cd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd, \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03b9\u03b4\u03af\u03c9\u03c2\u00a0\u03b7 \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bb\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b5\u03c0\u03af \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ce\u03bd, \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5, \u03cc\u03bc\u03c9\u03c2, \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1 \u03ae \u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03ba\u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf, \u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03bf\u03b4\u03b7\u03b3\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03ac\u03c7\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b5\u03c4\u03af\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b5\u03be\u03ae\u03b3\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2, \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b7 \u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1, \u03c9\u03c2 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b2\u03b1\u03b8\u03bc\u03cc \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03c5\u03ba\u03bb\u03ce\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03b2\u03bb\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 (Bow, Gould &amp; Flens, 2009).<\/p>\n<p>\u039f\u00a0Gardner, \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5, \u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b4\u03ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ad\u03be\u03b1\u03c1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03b9\u03bc\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2: \u0391\u03c6\u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2, \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03b3\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c8\u03b7, \u03c0\u03bb\u03ad\u03bf\u03bd, \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b8\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd, \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b2\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u00ab\u03c4\u03c1\u03c5\u03c6\u03b5\u03c1\u03ae \u03b7\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03af\u03b1\u00bb, \u03c0\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ae \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b7\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ac\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2, \u03c0\u03bb\u03ad\u03bf\u03bd, \u03b4\u03b9\u03b5\u03ba\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2, \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03b1\u03bc\u03c6\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03b5\u03af\u03c2. \u0391\u03c6\u03b5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5, \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b9\u03b4\u03ad\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u00ab\u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2\u00bb, \u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5, \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac, \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c0\u03c4\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03ad\u03c9\u03bd, \u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b5\u03af \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf \u03ce\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd\u03ae \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c6\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c6\u03cd\u03bb\u03b1\u03be\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03ad\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03af\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd\u03af\u03b1\u03c2, \u03b5\u03bd\u03ce \u03bf\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c6\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03b4\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03cd.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u03a4\u03bf \u00ab\u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u00bb \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03be\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 Gardner \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9\u00a0\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ad\u03bd\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03b3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c6\u03ac\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03ad\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03b4\u03af \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03ad\u03bf\u03c2 (\u00abbrainwashing\u00bb) (Byrne, 1989). \u03a3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b5\u03b3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c6\u03ac\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5, \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd Gardner, \u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae, \u03c3\u03ba\u03cc\u03c0\u03b9\u03bc\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03b7\u03c4\u03ae \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03ad\u03bf\u03c2, \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c7\u03ad\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03b7\u03c4\u03b7 \u03ae \u03c5\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03af\u03bc\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c1\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf \u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03ad\u03b1, \u03b7 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c7\u03bd\u03ac \u03b5\u03c5\u03c6\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b9\u03c3\u03c7\u03c5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2. \u03a4\u03bf \u00ab\u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u00bb \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b5\u03b3\u03ba\u03b5\u03b3\u03ac\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ae \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 (\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03ae \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03be\u03b5\u03bd\u03c9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac), \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9, \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u2019 \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03b3\u03ba\u03b7, \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03b7\u03c4\u03ae \u03ae \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03ad\u03bf\u03c2\u0387 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03af\u03b4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ae \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03af\u03b4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b9\u03b4\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ae \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1\u03c4\u03cc\u03bc\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03b3\u03c5\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ae \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u03af \u03b1\u03ba\u03cc\u03bc\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03ae \u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd, \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c9\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03ac\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ae \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2. \u0397 \u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 Gardner, \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03ba\u03ac\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03bb\u03ae \u03c0\u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b5\u03b3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c6\u03ac\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5, \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf, \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ad\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03b5 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c5\u03c1\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03ac\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03af\u03c3\u03b9\u03bf, \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03bf \u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03ae \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1 \u03ae \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2, \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd, \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03ce\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b2\u03bb\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03be\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u039f Gardner, \u03bb\u03bf\u03b9\u03c0\u03cc\u03bd, \u03b5\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b5\u03ba\u03b1\u03b5\u03c4\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 80\u2019, \u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b4\u03ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ad\u03be\u03b1\u03c1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03b9\u03bc\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b2\u03bb\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03be\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ad\u03be\u03b1\u03c1\u03c3\u03b7. \u039f Gardner \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03b5 \u03b5\u03c6\u03b5\u03cd\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ba\u03ac\u03c4\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03cd\u03c1\u03b3\u03b9\u03bf, \u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bd \u03b8\u03ad\u03bb\u03b7\u03c3\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c3\u03c7\u03bf\u03bb\u03b7\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03bc\u03b5 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1\u03b4\u03ae\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5 \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf \u03ae\u03b4\u03b7 \u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd \u03b5\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03af\u03c3\u03b9\u03bf (\u03c0.\u03c7. \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b6\u03c5\u03b3\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c8\u03c5\u03c7\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1 \u03ae \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03bd\u03b5\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c5\u03b3\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd \u03ba\u03c4\u03bb) (Blakeslee &amp; Wallerstein, 1989\u0387 Amato &amp; Keith, 1991\u0387 Booth, Clarke-Stewart, McCartney, Owen &amp; Vandell, 2000\u0387 Amato, 2001\u0387 Lowenstein, 2007\u0387 Cordero, 2008). A\u03c0\u03bb\u03ac \u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03bf \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c7\u03ad\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd\u00a0<strong>\u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b2\u03bb\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c0\u03c4\u03c5\u03c7\u03ae \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ad\u03be\u03b1\u03c1\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03b9\u03bc\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9, \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03c6\u03b5\u03c5\u03ba\u03c4\u03b1, \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03b7\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2, \u03c0\u03bb\u03ad\u03bf\u03bd, \u03cd\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03be\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03c7\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03b8\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u00ab\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd\u00bb \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c7\u03ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd \u2013 \u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03ad\u03c9\u03bd.<\/strong>\u00a0\u03a3\u03c4\u03bf \u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9, \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c0\u03c4\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd (\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03ae\u03c4\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03ac\u03bd \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b5\u03ba\u03b4\u03bf\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03ae \u03cc\u03c7\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b6\u03cd\u03b3\u03b9\u03bf) \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b6\u03ae\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03b9\u03bc\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03b5\u03af\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03bc\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2, \u03c4\u03bf \u0394\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9, \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03ba\u03ac\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf \u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf, \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c1\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd, \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b7\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03b3\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1, \u03c3\u03b5 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c1\u03ba\u03ae \u03c1\u03cc\u03bb\u03bf, \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b2\u03bf\u03b7\u03b8\u03ac \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03ba\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03b4\u03b5\u03c3\u03bc\u03ce\u03bd \u03ae \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03b9\u03c3\u03bf\u03c1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd, \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03bf\u03cd\u03bb\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7, \u03c0\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03af \u03c4\u03bf \u03c4\u03c5\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc (\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf) \u03ad\u03c1\u03b3\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b2\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9, \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b3\u03ba\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b9\u03c3\u03bf\u03c1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03af\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c4\u03ac\u03be\u03b7, \u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5, \u03cc\u03bc\u03c9\u03c2,\u00a0\u03b7 \u03c8\u03c5\u03c7\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd, \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03cc\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9. \u039f \u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03c7\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03c1\u03b5\u03c6\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 Gardner \u03c9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03b2\u03bb\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1, \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03ac\u03c2, \u03bc\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5, \u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03b1, \u03cc\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ae\u03b4\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c1\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c8\u03c5\u03c7\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03ad\u03c9\u03bd \u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd, \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03c9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03b6\u03c5\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c7\u03ad\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2, \u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c0\u03ac\u03b3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2, \u03b5\u03c0\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03c2, \u03cc\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03ac\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b3\u03ba\u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03b5\u03b4\u03af\u03bf \u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b5\u03ba\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03cc\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd \u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 (\u03c0.\u03c7. \u03c4\u03c5\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1, \u03c7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03ae, \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b2\u03bb\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1, \u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03cd\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03be\u03b7\u03c2\u00a0\u03ba\u03b5\u03c1\u03b4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b4\u03af\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5, \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b7\u03b3\u03cc\u03c1\u03bf\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c3\u03ac\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ad\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c8\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ac\u03bc\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd\u03af\u03b1\u03c2, \u03ba\u03c4\u03bb), \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c4\u03b5\u03c5\u03be\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03be\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2, \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9, \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b8\u03c5\u03bc\u03b7\u03c4\u03ae \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03c2, \u03cc\u03bc\u03c9\u03c2, \u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03bf.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u0397 \u00ab\u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u00bb \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c6\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03be\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2, \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 Gardner, \u03af\u03c3\u03c9\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03cd\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9, \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2, \u03c9\u03c2 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b2\u03b1\u03b8\u03bc\u03cc, \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b5\u03be\u03ae\u03b3\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2, \u03af\u03c3\u03c9\u03c2, \u03cc\u03bc\u03c9\u03c2, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c7\u03b9. \u039f Gardner, \u03af\u03c3\u03c9\u03c2, \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03cc\u03c7\u03b5\u03c5\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03be\u03b5\u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03cc \u03c0\u03b1\u03b8\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b5\u03c7\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u00ab\u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03be\u03b5\u03bd\u03c9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u00bb \u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac \u03ae \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac \u03b5\u03c7\u03b8\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03c7\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03ad\u03bf\u03c2 (\u03ce\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03b1\u03c7\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03bc\u03b5 \u03ba\u03ac\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf \u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bf\u03b4\u03b7\u03b3\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2), \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03cc\u03bb\u03bf \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b7 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03be\u03b5\u03bd\u03c9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03ad\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03cd\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03c8\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5, \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bf \u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b5\u03ce\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u00a0\u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b7 \u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03af\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u00ab\u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5\u00bb,\u00a0\u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b1, \u03b5\u03bd\u03b4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03c2, \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b7\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03ae\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc\u00a0(Gardner, 2001\u03b3). \u0397 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03be\u03b5\u03bd\u03c9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bf Gardner, \u03cc\u03bc\u03c9\u03c2, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5, \u03af\u03c3\u03c9\u03c2, \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03c6\u03b5\u03c1\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03b1\u03c6\u03b7\u03bd\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ba\u03ce\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03ac\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03ae\u03b3\u03b1\u03b3\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03bc\u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03ae \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03c6\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 (Gardner, 1985\u0387 Gardner, 2001\u03b3), \u03b8\u03b1 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03ba\u03b4\u03ae\u03bb\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bf\u03c5\u03b4\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03ad\u03b1, \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae \u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ae \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c9\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd \u03bd\u03bf\u03b7\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd (\u03c4\u03ac\u03c7\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03b8\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03be\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2\u00a0\u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03b2\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c6\u03c5\u03b3\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c1\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03ad\u03bf\u03c2, \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c3\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03ac\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b8\u03b1 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03b9\u03c0\u03c9\u03b8\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd) \u03ae \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b5\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03bc\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b1\u03b4\u03c1\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1, \u03b4\u03b7\u03bb\u03b1\u03b4\u03ae \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c8\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03ad\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bb\u03ac\u03b2\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03bc\u03ad\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c7\u03ad\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf \u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03ad\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c4\u03c1\u03b5\u03c8\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5\u03cd\u03b8\u03c5\u03bd\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03be\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2. \u0395\u03be\u2019 \u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 Gardner \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03b1\u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03af\u03b4\u03b7\u03c4\u03bf \u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03af\u03b4\u03b7\u03c4\u03bf \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac\u03c2 (Gardner, 1985), \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03ad\u03c3\u03c0\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03cc\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03ad\u03bb\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 (Gardner, 1997).<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u039f\u00a0Gardner, \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03c2, \u03ad\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5 \u03bc\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03ae, \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03af, \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b1 \u03bb\u03bf\u03b9\u03c0\u03ac,\u00a0\u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03cd\u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5, \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03c2, \u03c3\u03cd\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03c8\u03b7, \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03c6\u03b5\u03c1\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03b5\u03c3\u03bc\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b5\u03af \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03bf \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03b2\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03af\u03b1\u03c2.\u00a0\u0397\u00a0\u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03b7\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac, \u03bc\u03b5 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03b4\u03ae\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf, \u03b4\u03b7\u03bb\u03b1\u03b4\u03ae \u03bf Gardner \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b8\u03ad\u03bb\u03b7\u03c3\u03b5 \u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03ac\u03c7\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03ad\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03be\u03b5 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03ae\u03b8\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c8\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bb\u03ae\u03c1\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03be\u03b5\u03bd\u03c9\u03c4\u03ae \u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03ad\u03b1, \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03b9\u03bb \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03b5\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03be\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 (\u03b1\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c9\u03c2 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b2\u03b1\u03b8\u03bc\u03cc \u03af\u03c3\u03c9\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b3\u03ba\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03af), \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03be\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7, \u03c9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf, \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03be\u03b5\u03bd\u03c9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac.\u00a0\u03a0\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03cd\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03c8\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 Gardner, \u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03be\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9, \u03af\u03c3\u03c9\u03c2, \u03b8\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b5\u03b9, \u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03af\u03c2, \u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03b5\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b4\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 (\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03ad\u03b1\u03c2, \u03c0\u03b1\u03c0\u03c0\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2, \u03b8\u03b5\u03af\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03c4\u03bb) \u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03cc\u03c7\u03b9 (\u03ba\u03c5\u03c1\u03af\u03c9\u03c2,\u00a0\u03cc\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9). \u039c\u03ad\u03c3\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03cd\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03c8\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 Gardner \u03b8\u03b1 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 (\u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b7\u03b8\u03ad\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1) \u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03ba\u03cc\u03b2\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03be\u03b5\u03bd\u03c9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac (brainwashing), \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03be\u03b5\u03bd\u03c9\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03ad\u03b1\u03c2, \u03b8\u03b1 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b7\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9, \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9, \u03cc\u03bc\u03c9\u03c2, \u03ba\u03ac\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7 \u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03af\u03b1, \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03c5\u03c6\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03bc\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03b2\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03af\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac.\u00a0\u0388\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03b1, \u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac, \u03b7\u00a0\u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03c4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03b4\u03af \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9, \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd Gardner, \u03b7 \u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03ae \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03b3\u03ba\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03cd\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c5\u03c7\u03cc\u03bd \u03cd\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03be\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u00ab\u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5\u00bb, \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c3\u03c9\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c8\u03c5\u03c7\u03bf\u03c0\u03bd\u03b5\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd. \u0397 \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03b3\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9\u00a0\u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03af\u03c3\u03b9\u03bf, \u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03cc\u03bb\u03bf\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b5\u03bc\u03c0\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c7\u03ad\u03c3\u03b7, \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9, \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03ac\u03c2, \u03c8\u03c5\u03c7\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b5\u03c5\u03ac\u03bb\u03c9\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9, \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u0395\u03c0\u03b9\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b5, \u03bb\u03bf\u03b9\u03c0\u03cc\u03bd, \u03bf Gardner, \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c8\u03b5\u03b9, \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03ad\u03bc\u03c6\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03b5\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 (\u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03c6\u03c4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c7\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9, \u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03af\u03c2, \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c1\u03b1), \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u00a0<strong>\u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf<\/strong>\u00a0\u03c3\u03c5\u03c7\u03bd\u03ac \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1\u03b6\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03ac \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03c4\u03c9\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd, \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03ae \u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd\u00a0(\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03bc\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1\u2019\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03b1\u03b8\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03bd\u03cc\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b7\u03bd \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03cc\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bd\u03cc\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1), \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03af\u03c3\u03b9\u03bf, \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u00a0<strong>\u03cc\u03bb\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b1\u03b6\u03af<\/strong>\u00a0(\u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03cc\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5) \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd, \u03b5\u03ba \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2, \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ae \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03af\u03bd\u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03bf, \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u00ab\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03be\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7\u00bb, \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bf Gardner \u03ad\u03b2\u03bb\u03b5\u03c0\u03b5 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf \u03c9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03b8\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03b4\u03af. \u0395\u03bd \u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9, \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c7\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5\u00a0\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c3\u03cd\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5, \u03b5\u03bd\u03ce \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b2\u03b1\u03c1\u03c5\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03c4\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b4\u03af\u03ba\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03b9\u03bc\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2, \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03c9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03c7\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b5\u03be\u03ad\u03bb\u03b9\u03be\u03b7\u03c2, \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03bd\u03cd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u03af \u03ae \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b2\u03bb\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2\u00a0\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03be\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2, \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9, \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c5\u03c6\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5, \u03b5\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ba\u03ce\u03c2, \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03b3\u03ba\u03b7 \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03bb\u03b7\u03c8\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03af\u03c3\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u03a4\u03bf \u00ab\u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u00bb \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 Gardner \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2, \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03cc\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd \u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03c4\u03ae\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd, \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ad\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c8\u03b7 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b5\u03ba\u03bc\u03b7\u03c1\u03af\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 (Warshak, 2001\u0387 Bruch, 2001, 2002\u0387 Katz, 2003\u0387 Johnston &amp; Kelly, 2004\u0387 Emery, 2005\u0387 Hoult, 2006\u0387 Martindale &amp; Gould, 2007\u0387 Bond, 2008). \u0392\u03ad\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9\u03b1, \u03bf \u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bf Gardner, \u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2, \u03b1\u03c1\u03bd\u03ae\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ad\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c8\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b5\u03ba\u03bc\u03b7\u03c1\u03af\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 (Gardner, 2001\u03b3), \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c1\u03bd\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9, \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7\u03b3\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf \u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2, \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b5\u03af\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03b3\u03ba\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03c9 \u03b5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03b8\u03ad\u03bc\u03b1, \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b7 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03b2\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03ce\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5. \u039f Gardner, \u03c9\u03c2 \u03ad\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03b4\u03bf\u03c8\u03c5\u03c7\u03af\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ae\u03b8\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bc\u03ac\u03c1\u03c4\u03c5\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b4\u03af\u03ba\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03b9\u03bc\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u0397\u03a0\u0391 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf \u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03ad\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd, \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac, \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03c3\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03c5\u03b8\u03cd\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ad\u03ba\u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u00a0\u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03cc\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b5\u03bc\u03c0\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b4\u03af\u03ba\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03b9\u03bc\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2,\u00a0\u03b3\u03b9\u03b1\u00a0\u03bc\u03b7 \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03bb\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2\u00a0\u03c3\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c7\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bb\u03b5\u03c0\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03b5\u03c2, \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c5\u03c0\u03b5\u03bd\u03b8\u03cd\u03bc\u03b9\u03b6\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03b3\u03ba\u03b7 \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03ae\u03bb\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03cc,\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03cc \u03b4\u03af\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5\u03cd\u03b5\u03b9, \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd, \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b9\u03b4\u03ad\u03b1 \u03ae \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c6\u03b7\u03c1\u03b7\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03cc\u03c7\u03bf\u03c2. \u03a3\u03c4\u03bf \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ad\u03c1\u03b3\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c7\u03c1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf 2003, \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03ba\u03c4\u03cc\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03b5 (\u03cc\u03c7\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03ad\u03c1\u03b3\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5, \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b8\u03ad\u03bb\u03b7\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03af, \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03c9 \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b5\u03c5\u03c1\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b1 \u03c5\u03c0\u03ad\u03c6\u03b5\u03c1\u03b5), \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03cd\u03c1\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5, \u03b5\u03bd\u03b4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03c2, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf \u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2, \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd\u03b7 \u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ad\u03c3\u03c0\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b5, \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03b1, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03b2\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03ba\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2, \u03bc\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd, \u03c3\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ac\u03bc\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2, \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bc\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5, \u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c5\u03b6\u03b7\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03b7 \u03c0\u03b1\u03b8\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03b4\u03bf\u03c8\u03c5\u03c7\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2, \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac \u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03cc\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b5 \u00ab\u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u00bb, \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03be\u03b5\u03c0\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03bf \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c0\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf (Champbell, 1989), \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b8\u03c5\u03bc\u03ce\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2, \u03af\u03c3\u03c9\u03c2, \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b7 \u03ae \u03c3\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b7 \u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bf\u03b4\u03b7\u03b3\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2\u00a0\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2, \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b2\u03b1\u03b8\u03bc\u03cc \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03ad\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b8\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b5\u03c5\u03ba\u03cc\u03bb\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5, \u03c9\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5, \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ce\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b2\u03bb\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 (Gardner, 2001\u03b1\u0387 Gardner, 2001\u03b2\u0387 Gardner, 2001\u03b3\u0387 Gardner, 2002\u03b1\u0387 Gardner, 2002\u03b2), \u03ad\u03c4\u03c3\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b9\u03bf \u03b1\u03b8\u03ce\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ad\u03ba\u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03ac\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5, \u03af\u03c3\u03c9\u03c2, \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c7\u03ac\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5. \u039a\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03ae\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03c6\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03af \u03c4\u03bf \u00ab\u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bc\u03cc\u00bb \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03b5, \u03c3\u03b1\u03c6\u03ce\u03c2, \u03b5\u03c5\u03c1\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b7 \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ae \u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5, \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1, \u03c3\u03b5 \u03ba\u03ac\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c0\u03b1\u03b8\u03bf\u03b3\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 (\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03ae\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c8\u03c5\u03c7\u03bf\u03c0\u03bd\u03b5\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03b4\u03af, \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c7\u03b9 \u03bc\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd). \u039f\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 Gardner \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ad\u03c1\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd, \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ba\u03ac\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03c9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03bb\u03b7\u03c8\u03b7\u03c2, \u03c4\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf \u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2, \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03bb\u03ac \u03b8\u03ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b5\u03bd \u03b1\u03bc\u03c6\u03b9\u03b2\u03cc\u03bb\u03c9 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03cc\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 \u00ab\u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u00bb, \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c6\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ad\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c8\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ae \u03c4\u03b5\u03ba\u03bc\u03b7\u03c1\u03af\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ae \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03b5\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03b5\u03c5\u03c1\u03b7\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd, \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd \u03c6\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03bf \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03b3\u03b5\u03af\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b6\u03ae\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03bf Gardner \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c9\u03b8\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5, \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac, \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03c8\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 (Gardner, 1986, 1991, 1992, 1996), \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03b4\u03bf\u03c6\u03b9\u03bb\u03af\u03b1, \u03c9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b1 \u03bf Gardner \u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03b5, \u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03c2, \u03ba\u03ac\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ae \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03c5\u03c0\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b8\u03ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 (Dallam, 1998), \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03be\u03b5\u03c6\u03cd\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c0\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03b3\u03b3\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c9\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03af\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03c1\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5, \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9, \u03c4\u03ac\u03c7\u03b1, \u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03cc\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd\u03b5, \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5, \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c9\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b2\u03b9\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1, \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac \u03b5\u03be\u03ad\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u03a4\u03bf \u00ab\u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u00bb \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 Gardner \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af, \u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03c2, \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03b7\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03c4\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf \u03b5\u03cd\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03b1 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9, \u03c4\u03bf \u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf, \u03c8\u03c5\u03c7\u03bf\u03c0\u03bd\u03b5\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc, \u03b1\u03bc\u03b9\u03b3\u03ce\u03c2, \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03cc\u03bb\u03bf \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03b8\u03b1 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03ae\u03b4\u03b7 \u03c5\u03c6\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ae \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03bc\u03c0\u03af\u03c0\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c3\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03b3\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd \u03ae\u03b4\u03b7 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd. \u0391\u03ba\u03cc\u03bc\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03bf Gardner \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c0\u03b1\u03b8\u03bf\u03b3\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 (disorder) \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03b4\u03af, \u03b1\u03c6\u03ae\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9, \u03c3\u03b1\u03c6\u03ce\u03c2, \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bd\u03bf\u03b7\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03ae \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b7\u03bd \u03bd\u03bf\u03b7\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03b7 \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03c9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac. \u0386\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd, \u03b2\u03ad\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9\u03b1, \u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c0\u03c4\u03c5\u03c7\u03ae \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03b4\u03bf\u03c8\u03c5\u03c7\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03be\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c9\u03c2 \u03c8\u03c5\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd\u03c0\u03bd\u03b5\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b1 \u03c5\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03ad\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03b4\u03af \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03c9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac\u03c2, \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c0\u03c4\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b6\u03c5\u03b3\u03af\u03c9\u03bd, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b1 \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b2\u03bb\u03b1\u03c0\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b4\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b6\u03c9\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u00ab\u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03be\u03b5\u03bd\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd\u00bb (Sher, 2015\u03b1). \u03a0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bb\u03b1, \u03cc\u03bc\u03c9\u03c2,\u00a0\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b3\u03b5 \u03bf Gardner, \u03bc\u03b7 \u03b8\u03ad\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2\u00a0\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03c4\u03c5\u03c7\u03ae, \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03af \u03b7 \u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03be\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7\u00a0\u03c9\u03c2 \u00ab\u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u00bb, \u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03cd \u03c4\u03ad\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b1 \u03c3\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03b4\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2, \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03be\u03b5\u03bd\u03c9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac \u03ae \u03c4\u03bf \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03be\u03b5\u03bd\u03c9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03af\u03c3\u03b9\u03bf \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03bf \u03b3\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03bf\u03c2. \u03a9\u03c2\u00a0<strong>\u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf<\/strong>, \u03b7 \u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03be\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 Gardner, \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c0\u03b1\u03b8\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1, \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5, \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b2\u03b1\u03b8\u03bc\u03cc \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03be\u03b9\u03c3\u03ce\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03af\u03b1 \u03ae \u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03c6\u03ae \u03c8\u03c5\u03c7\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b2\u03af\u03b1\u03c2, \u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03ad\u03b1 (Sher, 2015\u03b2) \u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03b4\u03af, \u03b5\u03ba\u03b5\u03af \u03c7\u03c1\u03ae\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae\u03c2. \u03a0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bb\u03b1, \u03b5\u03ba\u03b5\u03af \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b4\u03af\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9, \u03b5\u03ac\u03bd \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5\u03cd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ba\u03ac\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03b1, \u03bd\u03ad\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03b1, \u03ae \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c5\u03c6\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 (\u03c0.\u03c7. \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03b9\u03bc\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5, \u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03c2, \u03c7\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03ac\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c7\u03b9 \u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03c9\u03b4\u03ce\u03c2, \u03c3\u03b5 \u03ba\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03c0\u03c4\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b6\u03c5\u03b3\u03af\u03bf\u03c5, \u03c9\u03c2 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u00ab\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b7\u03b3\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03c0\u03b1\u03ba\u03ad\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u00bb \u03ae \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03b3\u03ae \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2, \u03ba\u03c4\u03bb), \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ce\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u0395\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03ae \u03c5\u03c0\u03ae\u03c1\u03be\u03b1\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03be\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03b2\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac, \u03bf \u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 Gardner \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b7 \u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03ae \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2, \u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c7\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b1\u03c6\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03ad\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ae \u03b7 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c7\u03ad\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03ad\u03bf\u03c2 \u2013 \u03c4\u03ad\u03ba\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b7\u03c1\u03b5\u03ac\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03b4\u03ae\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5 \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03bf (\u03c0.\u03c7. \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03cd\u03c9\u03c1\u03b7 \u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ac\u03c1\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03ad\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ae \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7 \u03c7\u03ce\u03c1\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03ae \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ce\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b2\u03bb\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c5\u03b3\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03ad\u03bf\u03c2), \u03bc\u03b5 \u03ba\u03ac\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf, \u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd, \u03c6\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc, \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd, \u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf (\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03ae\u03c4\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03ac\u03bd \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03ad\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c6\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03bd\u03b1\u03c7\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b6\u03cd\u03b3\u03b9\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1\u03b4\u03ae\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u03af \u03c6\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03bc\u03ac\u03ba\u03c1\u03c5\u03bd\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03ad\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd). \u039a\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c0\u03c4\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af, \u03b5\u03bd\u03b4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03c2, \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03be\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b1\u03af\u03c3\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd \u03ae \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03b4\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2, \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c1\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c8\u03c5\u03c7\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03b5\u03c0\u03b1\u03ba\u03cc\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03b8\u03bf, \u03c3\u03cd\u03bc\u03c6\u03c9\u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03ae\u03b4\u03b7 \u03c5\u03c6\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 (\u03c0.\u03c7. attachment theory) (Bowlby, 1951, 1969, 1973). \u039f \u03cc\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ae \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03be\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 (\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9, \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2, \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03b2\u03bb\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c0\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf), \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03be\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03b5\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf \u03ba\u03ac\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03b9\u03bc\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03c9 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd, \u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c7\u03c1\u03ae\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03c4\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03ce\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03ba\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5 \u03be\u03b5\u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03c0\u03c4\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 (\u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03ad\u03c9\u03bd, \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c9\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd, \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd, \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ae \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03b5\u03c2, \u03bf \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03cd \u03cc\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03af\u03c3\u03c9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1). \u0397 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u00ab\u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u00bb \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 Gardner \u03c4\u03bf \u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9, \u03b5\u03bd\u03b4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03c2, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c1\u03ba\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac \u03c0\u03b9\u03bf \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03cd\u03c0\u03bb\u03bf\u03ba\u03bf, \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03af \u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03af\u03b3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd, \u03c4\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03bc\u03c0\u03cc\u03c1\u03b5\u03c3\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03ba\u03ad\u03c8\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03af\u03b1.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u0397 \u00ab\u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b7\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7\u00bb \u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03be\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 Gardner \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1 \u03ae \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03bd\u03b4\u03b5\u03c7\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03af\u03c3\u03b9\u03bf \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03b9\u03bc\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2, \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ad\u03c0\u03c1\u03b5\u03c0\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c5\u03b3\u03c7\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03af\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03af\u03c3\u03b9\u03bf, \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03c9 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03c2 \u03b5\u03be\u03c9\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03be\u03ac\u03c1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03cc\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2, \u03ae \u03bc\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03ce\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf \u03ae \u03ad\u03bc\u03bc\u03b5\u03c3\u03bf \u03c3\u03c4\u03cc\u03c7\u03bf,<strong>\u00a0\u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03cd\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2, \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b4\u03af\u03ba\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03b9\u03bc\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2, \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b9\u03bf \u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03ae \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae \u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03bb\u03ac\u03b4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ae \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03c9 \u03b4\u03c9\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03b9\u03bf \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c8\u03c5\u03c7\u03bf\u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03bf, \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b8\u03b1 \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u00ab\u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u00bb \u03ae \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c8\u03b5\u03b9, \u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03b9\u03c3\u03af\u03bf\u03c5, \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b8\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03c6\u03c9\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c1\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03bd\u03c9\u03b8\u03b5\u03af.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u0395\u03ac\u03bd \u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03bc\u03b5\u03c3\u03bf\u03bb\u03ac\u03b2\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ae \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03b6\u03ae\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ae \u03b5\u03ac\u03bd \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf \u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03bf \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9, \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03be\u03af\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03ac\u03bb\u03bf \u03b8\u03ad\u03bc\u03b1. \u0391\u03ba\u03cc\u03bc\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf Gardner, \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5, \u03ad\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5 \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03bf \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03bc\u03b5\u03c3\u03bf\u03bb\u03ac\u03b2\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03c9\u03c3\u03cc\u03c1\u03b9\u03b6\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03be\u03ad\u03bb\u03b9\u03be\u03b7, \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b2\u03ad\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf \u03b5\u03ac\u03bd \u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03ce\u03c2 \u03b4\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03b5\u03cd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c0\u03c1\u03ac\u03be\u03b7 \u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03bc\u03b5\u03c3\u03bf\u03bb\u03ac\u03b2\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ae \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c5\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03ad\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c0\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03b2\u03bb\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03ae \u03b5\u03ac\u03bd \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03ac\u03be\u03b7 \u03b8\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03af \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd \u03bc\u03b5 \u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03b5\u03c2, \u03cc\u03bc\u03c9\u03c2, \u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03be\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2, \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03b5\u03bb\u03c0\u03b9\u03b4\u03bf\u03c6\u03cc\u03c1\u03bf \u03bc\u03ae\u03bd\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03be\u03ad\u03c6\u03c1\u03b1\u03b6\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b9 \u03bf Gardner. \u03a3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03bc\u03b5\u03c3\u03bf\u03bb\u03ac\u03b2\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5, \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03cd \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf Lowenstein (1998), \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b2\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03ae\u03b3\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03bc\u03b5\u03c3\u03bf\u03bb\u03ac\u03b2\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b2\u03bf\u03b7\u03b8\u03ac, \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf Lowenstein, \u03cc,\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7\u03b3\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd, \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03b7 \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c0\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac\u03c2 \u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5, \u03b5\u03be\u03c9\u03b4\u03af\u03ba\u03c9\u03c2, \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b5\u03bd\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf, \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03c0\u03c4\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03c5\u03c7\u03af\u03b1\u03c2, \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u03ae \u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd, \u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5, \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03cd \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd, \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03bd\u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c7\u03c1\u03b5\u03c9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c8\u03c5\u03c7\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03b8\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7, \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03c2, \u03bf \u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bf Lowenstein, \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u00ab\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03bc\u03b5\u03c3\u03bf\u03bb\u03ac\u03b2\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u00bb \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b7 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03ad\u03b3\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u03cc\u03c8\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd, \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03c0\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bb\u03b5\u03c0\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u00ab\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03bc\u03b5\u03c3\u03bf\u03bb\u03ac\u03b2\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2\u00bb \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03c4\u03cc \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03ae \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c1\u03cc\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 (\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03bc\u03b5\u03c3\u03bf\u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u03b7\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b9 \u03ba\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9), \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03c6\u03ce\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9, \u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03ce\u03c2, \u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd (\u03b2\u03bb. \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 Vestal, 1998 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7).<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u0393\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ba\u03ac\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b6\u03b7\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u00a0\u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03ce\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03b9\u03bc\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ac \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c6\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c8\u03c5\u03c7\u03bf\u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b8\u03ce\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03be\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 (\u03c0.\u03c7. \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2, \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b7\u03b3\u03cc\u03c1\u03bf\u03b9, \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c3\u03cd\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1, \u03b5\u03bc\u03bc\u03b5\u03c3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1, \u03ba\u03c4\u03bb) \u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c0\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf\u03bd, \u03b5\u03ac\u03bd \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ac \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03b6\u03b1\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03af\u03c3\u03b9\u03bf, \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b8\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03ad\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03be\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7, \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03af \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bf\u03c6\u03b5\u03af\u03bb\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c7\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c3\u03cd\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1. \u039c\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2\u00a0\u03bf \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03ae\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b8\u03c5\u03bc\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03c9\u03bd\u03af\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b5\u03ac\u03bd \u03b7\u00a0\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b3\u03ad\u03bd\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b1\u03c5\u03b3\u03cc \u03ae \u03c4\u03bf \u03b1\u03c5\u03b3\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b1.\u00a0<strong>\u03a4\u03bf \u03b6\u03b7\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf \u03af\u03c3\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b1 \u03ad\u03c0\u03c1\u03b5\u03c0\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c0\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03b4\u03af\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf, \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b2\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03bd\u03ce\u03c0\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03b5\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b2\u03bb\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2, \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bd\u03ad\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b8\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03be\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 (\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03ae\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9, \u03ad\u03c3\u03c4\u03c9 \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03b5\u03af \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b7 \u03ad\u03ba\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5), \u03b1\u03ba\u03cc\u03bc\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bd \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac\u03be\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bf\u03c4\u03b9\u03b4\u03ae\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03ac\u03c0\u03bf\u03c8\u03b7 \u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 (\u03bf\u03c5\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03c2 \u03b6\u03ae\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac\u03be\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03b4\u03af\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf\u03c5\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03c2 \u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7\u03b3\u03ae\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ac\u03be\u03bf\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2).<\/strong>\u00a0\u0395\u03ac\u03bd \u03b7 \u00ab\u03b2\u03bf\u03ae\u03b8\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u00bb \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1\u03b3\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b2\u03b5\u03bb\u03c4\u03af\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b4\u03af\u03ba\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03b9\u03bc\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ae \u03cc\u03c7\u03b9 (\u03bb.\u03c7. \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03af \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c7\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7), \u03b5\u03ac\u03bd \u03b8\u03b1 \u03ad\u03c0\u03c1\u03b5\u03c0\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b5\u03bd\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b5\u03bd \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03c9 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ce\u03bd \u03ae \u03cc\u03c7\u03b9 (\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03ac\u03bd \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03bc\u03b5\u03c3\u03bf\u03bb\u03ac\u03b2\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ae \u03cc\u03c7\u03b9), \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03ac\u03bd \u03b8\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u03ca\u03ba\u03ae \u03b2\u03bf\u03ae\u03b8\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03af \u03c3\u03b5 \u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c1\u03c5\u03b8\u03bc\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1\u00a0\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03b9\u03c3\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ae \u03cc\u03c7\u03b9 (\u03bb.\u03c7. \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03af \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ac \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf \u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5), \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b5\u03c7\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03af \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd, \u03ba\u03ac\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03b3\u03bc\u03ae, \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c4\u03b5\u03ba\u03bc\u03b7\u03c1\u03af\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03cd \u03c0\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03b5\u03c5\u03c7\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03b7 \u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03af\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03bd\u03bd\u03cc\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7, \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03b2\u03bb\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf \u03b6\u03b7\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf. \u039d\u03bf\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9, \u03b5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae, \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c0\u03b5\u03b4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2\u0387 \u03b8\u03b1 \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd, \u03af\u03c3\u03c9\u03c2, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b4\u03c1\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2, \u03bc\u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03c5\u03ac \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03c5\u03c6\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2. \u0394\u03b5\u03bd \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9, \u03cc\u03bc\u03c9\u03c2, \u03b7 \u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1, \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1\u03b4\u03ae\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5 \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b7, \u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b7 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u00ab\u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5\u00bb \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03bf\u03b4\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u00ab\u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5\u00bb \u03c9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 (Gardner, 2003). \u039f\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5, \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03c7\u03b1, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac \u03bf\u03b4\u03cc \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1\u03b3\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u0397 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c0\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03be\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bf\u03b4\u03b7\u03b3\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2\u00a0\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2, \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9, \u03bc\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd, \u03ba\u03ac\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2\u00a0\u03ac\u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03b6\u03ae\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1, \u03ad\u03b3\u03b9\u03bd\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b8\u03ac\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 Gardner, \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c7\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ad\u03c1\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ae \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03be\u03ac\u03c1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03b3\u03ba\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ce\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c6\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03be\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2, \u03c9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03b8\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 (Bernet, 2008\u0387 Bernet, Boch-Galhau, Baker &amp; Morrison, 2010\u0387 Bernet, 2010\u0387 Bernet &amp; Baker, 2013). \u0391\u03c0\u03cc \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c5\u03c0\u03ae\u03c1\u03be\u03b1\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 (Houchin, Ranseen, Hash, Bartnicki, 2012).\u00a0<strong>\u0389\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7, \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03af\u03c3\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03ba\u03cc\u03bc\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c5\u03c6\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9, \u03bf\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b9\u03c3\u03c7\u03c5\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b8\u03ad\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b5\u03bc\u03c0\u03af\u03c0\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c8\u03c5\u03c7\u03bf\u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b9\u03c3\u03c7\u03c5\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b8\u03ad\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b5\u03bc\u03c0\u03af\u03c0\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf \u03b8\u03ad\u03bc\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03b2\u03bb\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03bd\u03ae\u03ba\u03b5 \u03ae \u03b1\u03bd\u03ae\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd\u03ac, \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03cc\u03bb\u03bf\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03b3\u03b9\u2019 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc, \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03bf\u03c5\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b8\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u00a0\u03ae \u03bb\u03af\u03b3\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd.\u00a0<\/strong>\u0398\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03b9\u03c9\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9, \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03cc\u03bb\u03bf \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bf Gardner, \u03bc\u03ad\u03c7\u03c1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf \u03b8\u03ac\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5, \u03b1\u03c1\u03bd\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf (\u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c7\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf) \u00ab\u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bc\u03cc\u00bb \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c0\u03c4\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9, \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03ba\u03ac\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf \u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf,\u00a0\u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bf\u03b4\u03b7\u03b3\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 (Gardner, 2003), \u03bf \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c0.\u03c7. DSM-5 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c5\u03c1\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03b3\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 (\u00abchild psychological abuse\u00bb \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u00abchild affected by parental relationship distress\u00bb\/ \u00abParent-child relational problem\u00bb), \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b1 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03c3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03be\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7, \u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03ae\u03c4\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03ac\u03bd \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u00ab\u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u00bb \u03ae \u03cc\u03c7\u03b9. \u03a5\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd, \u03b5\u03bd\u03b4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03c2, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ae\u03b4\u03b7 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c0\u03c4\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u00ab\u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5\u00bb \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03be\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 (\u03c0.\u03c7. \u00abDelusional symptoms in partner of individual with delusional disorder\u00bb \u03ae \u00abFactitious disorder imposed on another\u00bb).<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u0398\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03b9\u03c9\u03b8\u03b5\u03af, \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2, \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9, \u03b1\u03ba\u03cc\u03bc\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf \u00ab\u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u00bb \u03ae \u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u00ab\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03be\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2\u00bb \u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c7\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03c3\u03b5 \u03bf\u03b4\u03b7\u03b3\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03ce\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03bc\u03ad\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd \u03ae \u03cc\u03c7\u03b9, \u03c4\u03ad\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03c5\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b5\u03af \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ae \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03ac\u03bb\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b4\u03af\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf (\u03ae \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03b4\u03af\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03be\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b4\u03af\u03ba\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03b9\u03bc\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u2013 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03bf \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03ce\u03c2 \u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03ac\u03b3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03af\u03c3\u03c9\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u00ab\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03af\u03c7\u03b7\u03c3\u03b5\u00bb, \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03cd \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd Gardner, \u03c9\u03c2 \u03bc\u03ac\u03c1\u03c4\u03c5\u03c1\u03b1, \u03ba\u03ac\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ad\u03c2, \u03b7 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03b5\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf \u03cc\u03c1\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c0\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03b9\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u00ab\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u00bb \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac) (\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd Hoult, 2006), \u03b7 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03be\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c8\u03c5\u03c7\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b7. \u038c\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b7 \u03ba\u03ac\u03bb\u03c5\u03c8\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c6\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9, \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03ba\u03ac\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf \u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03bc\u03af\u03b1 \u03ac\u03c0\u03bf\u03c8\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bf\u03b4\u03b7\u03b3\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2, \u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03b4\u03af\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf, \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c6\u03ac\u03bb\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ac\u03be\u03bf\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9, \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ac\u03c0\u03bf\u03c8\u03b7, \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03ba\u03ac\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03b9 \u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03af \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03c7\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03ba\u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03c7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03cc \u03b4\u03af\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf, \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03c7\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03ba\u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03c7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03cc \u03b4\u03af\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf (\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03b5\u03ba\u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03c7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd) \u03ae \u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03b4\u03af\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c1\u03c5\u03b8\u03bc\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b6\u03b7\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03b9\u03bc\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2, \u03c3\u03b5 \u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03ae \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c0\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf \u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03b2\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b5\u03ba\u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03c7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c0\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b4\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2, \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03bb\u03b7\u03c8\u03b7 \u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2,\u00a0\u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5, \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b2\u03bb\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03be\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 (Johnston, 2003\u0387 Baker, 2006\u0387 Baker &amp; Darnall, 2006\u0387 Lavadera, Ferracuti &amp; Togliatti, 2012).<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u039a\u03ac\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 (\u03c0\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1) \u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9, \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03ac\u03c7\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2, \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03bd\u03ce\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03cc\u03bb\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf \u03bc\u03b1\u03cd\u03c1\u03bf \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03be\u03ac\u03c1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03c9\u03bd\u03af\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03cd\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03be\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ae \u03bc\u03b7 \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u00ab\u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5\u00bb \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03bd\u03b4\u03b5\u03c7\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c3\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ae \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2\u00a0\u03bc\u03b7 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 (\u03b2\u03bb. \u03b5\u03bd\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 Pignotti, 2014), \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 Gardner \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd (\u03ae \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b5\u03af \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9), \u03c3\u03b5 \u03ba\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03c0\u03c4\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7, \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03b7 (\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03ac\u03c7\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03cc\u03c7\u03b9 \u03ac\u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7) \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03b3\u03ba\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c5\u03c7\u03cc\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b3\u03ba\u03b1\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03b3\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ae \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03b3\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5, \u03ce\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ac \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03c4\u03cc\u03c7\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ae \u03ad\u03c3\u03c4\u03c9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9\u00a0\u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd, \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7, \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03b8\u03ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5, \u03b4\u03b7\u03bb\u03b1\u03b4\u03ae, \u03b2\u03bb\u03ac\u03b2\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd. \u039d\u03b1 \u03b3\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9, \u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd, \u03bf \u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03ac\u03be\u03bf\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03af\u03b1 \u03ae \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03b3\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5, \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c1\u03cd\u03b8\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03b9\u03bc\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u038c,\u03c4\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b3\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf Gardner (2001\u03b3), \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bf\u03c0\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b4\u03af\u03ba\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03b9\u03bc\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03b5, \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9, \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03c0\u03c4\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03cd\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03be\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u00ab\u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5\u00bb, \u03c0\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd, \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03cd \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd, \u03ba\u03ac\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ce\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2, \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2, \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1, \u03b7 \u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b3\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03be\u03b5\u03bd\u03c9\u03c4\u03ae \u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03ad\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03b5\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac. \u0395\u03bd\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03b7 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 Gardner, \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2, \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5, \u03cc\u03bc\u03c9\u03c2, \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc, \u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03ce\u03c2, \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd, \u03c4\u03b7 \u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7\u03b3\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03ce\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5. \u039c\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af, \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1, \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c7\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03b7 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c7\u03c1\u03b5\u03c9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03b8\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03ad\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd, \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b4\u03af\u03ba\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03b9\u03bc\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b7 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03ce\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c1\u03c5\u03b8\u03bc\u03af\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03bc\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b6\u03b7\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ac, \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c8\u03c5\u03c7\u03bf\u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03bf, \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03bf \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03cc \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c6\u03cd\u03bb\u03b1\u03be\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd\u03af\u03b1\u03c2; \u039c\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af, \u03c4\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5, \u03c4\u03bf \u0394\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b2\u03b3\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03ce\u03c2 \u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03ba\u03b7\u03bd\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03b5\u03ba\u03b5\u03af \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03ad\u03c1\u03b3\u03bf \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03ae \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03b8\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2, \u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03b7\u03c1\u03b5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c5\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03b1\u03c2, \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03bd\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd\u03ae \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b2\u03af\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b7\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03b3\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03b5\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03c9\u03bd (\u03c0.\u03c7. \u201cMulti-Modal Family Intervention\u201d \u2013 MMFI \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd Johnston, Walters \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 Friedlander, 2001, \u03ae \u03c4\u03bf \u201cRe-unification Counseling,\u201d \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd Markan &amp; Weinstock, 2005, \u03ae \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf), \u03b7 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5\u03cd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ba\u03ac\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9; \u039c\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b3\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03ad\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03bc\u03cc\u03c1\u03c6\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ae \u03c4\u03ad\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b3\u03ae \u03b2\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03ce\u03c2 \u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03ae \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2; \u03a0\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03c9\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u00ab\u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03be\u03b5\u03bd\u03c9\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2\u00bb \u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03ad\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ae \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03cd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9; \u0395\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9, \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac, \u03b8\u03ad\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ae \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ae\u00a0<em>\u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2<\/em>; \u039c\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b5\u03b3\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03af \u03b7 \u03ad\u03bd\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c4\u03b1\u03b8\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03b9\u03bc\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2; \u03a4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03ba\u03cc\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1, \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd, \u03cc\u03bc\u03c9\u03c2, \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03ac\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf \u03bd\u03cc\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1, \u03b5\u03ba\u03b5\u03af \u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03ce\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf \u03b5\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd, \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03c5\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03cc\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ba\u03af\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u039f Garber (2004, 2007), \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1, \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03ad\u03b3\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b8\u03ad\u03bc\u03b1 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03ba\u03cc\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 (attachment theory), \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b9\u03be\u03b5 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03bf \u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03ad\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c6\u03cd\u03bb\u03b1\u03be\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd \u03b5\u03bd\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u03c1\u03cd\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03bb\u03ad\u03be\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ac\u03be\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03ae \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03ad\u03b1, \u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03c7\u03cd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03af\u03c3\u03b8\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c3\u03c6\u03ac\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03ba\u03cc\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03c3\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03ad\u03b1, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03c1\u03ac\u03c4\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9, \u03af\u03c3\u03c9\u03c2, \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b2\u03bf\u03ae\u03b8\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd (Freeman, Abel, Cowper-Smith, &amp; Stein, 2004). \u03a3\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ad\u03b2\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf Lowenstein (2010). \u038c\u03bc\u03c9\u03c2, \u03bf \u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03ad\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03ac\u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac, \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b8\u03b1 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03c1\u03ac\u03be\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bc\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03af\u03c3\u03c9\u03c2, \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c8\u03c5\u03c7\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd \u03ae \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5.\u00a0<strong>\u039c\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ba\u03ac\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c7\u03ce\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u03ca\u03ba\u03ac \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b2\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u00a0\u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03bc\u03b5\u03c3\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ae\u03b4\u03b7 \u03c5\u03c6\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c5\u03c1\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1;<\/strong>\u00a0\u039c\u03ae\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03ba\u03b5\u03af \u03b8\u03b1 \u03ad\u03c0\u03c1\u03b5\u03c0\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03b7 \u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03ae; \u039f Gardner \u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03b5 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9, \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03c9, \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ce\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 (\u03c0\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ce\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7), \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03bf\u03b2\u03b1\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 (Gardner, 2001\u03b3). \u0394\u03b5\u03bd \u03bb\u03ad\u03b5\u03b9, \u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03af\u03c2, \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2 \u03bf \u03c0\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 Gardner (\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9), \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd, \u03cc\u03bc\u03c9\u03c2, \u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c0\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 (\u03b5\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03c8\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd), \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7\u03b3\u03b7\u03b8\u03b5\u03af, \u03ad\u03c3\u03c4\u03c9, \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u03b7, \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03c0\u03c4\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b5\u03bc\u03c6\u03ac\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b2\u03bb\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd.\u00a0\u0395\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b8\u03bb\u03b9\u03b2\u03b5\u03c1\u03cc, \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03c2, \u03c4\u03bf \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03bf \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03bf\u03c2, \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c0\u03c4\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2, \u03b3\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03cd \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ae\u03b4\u03b7 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b6\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03ac \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c8\u03c5\u03c7\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5\u03c7\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b4\u03af\u03ba\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03b9\u03bc\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2, \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03ac\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03b9 \u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c0\u03b5\u03b4\u03b1.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u0388\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b5\u03bd\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 (\u03c0\u03b9\u03bf \u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03af\u03c3\u03c9\u03c2) \u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2\u00a0\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03be\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03be\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2, \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b2\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c3\u03cd\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03c8\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 Gardner, \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03bc\u03b7 \u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae\u03bd (\u03ae \u03be\u03b5\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03bd\u03ce\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03bc\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03ae \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03b1), \u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03be\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1\u00a0\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03b2\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ae \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03b2\u03b5\u03af \u03ae \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c6\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ae \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03af \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b4\u03af\u03ba\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c1\u03cd\u03b8\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b6\u03b7\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03b9\u03bc\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 (<em>\u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03af\u03c3\u03b9\u03bf<\/em>), \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ae\u03b8\u03c9\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c6\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03bc\u03ac\u03ba\u03c1\u03c5\u03bd\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03ad\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c3\u03c5\u03b6\u03c5\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03af\u03b1 (<em>\u03b5\u03bd\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03af\u03b1<\/em>), \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03c9 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03af\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd \u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03ba\u03ba\u03c1\u03b5\u03bc\u03bf\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 (<em>\u03b5\u03bd\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03af\u03b1<\/em>), \u03cc\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03ba\u03ac\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf \u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf \u03b7 \u03bb\u03ae\u03c8\u03b7 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c4\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c7\u03ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b1\u03bc\u03c6\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03b5\u03af\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03b3\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 (<em>\u03b5\u03bd\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03af\u03b1<\/em>), \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03bd\u03ce, \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03c9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03cc\u03bc\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03b3\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2, \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf (<em>\u03b5\u03bd\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03af\u03b1<\/em>), \u03c5\u03c6\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b7\u03c1\u03b5\u03ac\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b1\u03c1\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c8\u03c5\u03c7\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03ad\u03c9\u03bd (\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03af \u03ae \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03af)(<em>\u03b5\u03bd\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03af\u03b1<\/em>), \u03ce\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03b4\u03af (<em>\u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf \u03b8\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2<\/em>), \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03ad\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b2\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03be\u03b5\u03bd\u03c9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03ba\u03ba\u03c1\u03b5\u03bc\u03bf\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03af\u03b1 (<em>\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b5\u03bd\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd<\/em>), \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac, \u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03ae\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c0\u03c4\u03cd\u03c3\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c1\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03ad\u03b1 \u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03b5\u03af\u03c2 \u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03ad\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03b7\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03af\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c7\u03ad\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2, \u03ae \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c5\u03c6\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03af\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c8\u03c5\u03c7\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b2\u03bb\u03ac\u03b2\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 (<em>\u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03b5\u03c2<\/em>) \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03be\u03b5\u03bd\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03ad\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ae \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03be\u03b5\u03bd\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9 \u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03b5\u03af\u03c2 (<em>\u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf \u03b8\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2<\/em>) \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c5\u03c6\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9, \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2, \u03c8\u03c5\u03c7\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b2\u03bb\u03ac\u03b2\u03b7 (<em>\u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03b5\u03c2<\/em>). \u0391\u03c0\u03cc \u03b5\u03ba\u03b5\u03af \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1, \u03b7 \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd, \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03af, \u03c3\u03c5\u03b6\u03b7\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03af\u03c3\u03b9\u03bf, \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03bd\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03af\u03b5\u03c2, \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b9\u03b8\u03b1\u03bd\u03ac \u03b8\u03cd\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1, \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b2\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03b3\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0397 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c7\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03bc\u03cc\u03c1\u03c6\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b5\u03bc\u03c0\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b4\u03af\u03ba\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03b9\u03bc\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03be\u03b5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c6\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03be\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 (\u03b2\u03bb. \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 Baker, 2005\u0387 Baker, 2006), \u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03be\u03ac\u03c1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03b4\u03ae\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5 \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf \u03b5\u03be\u03b5\u03bb\u03b9\u03c3\u03c3\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03ae\u03bd\u03b9\u03bf (\u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03bf \u03b4\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03b5\u03cd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2) (Polak &amp; Saini, 2015), \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c0\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03bb\u03b7\u03c8\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b2\u03bb\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 (\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9), \u03b1\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03ce\u03c2, \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b2\u03bb\u03ac\u03c0\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9,<\/strong>\u00a0\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ad\u03c4\u03c5\u03c7\u03b5 \u03ba\u03ac\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ac\u03c1\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03ba\u03cc\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf (\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ac\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1). \u0395\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03c5\u03c0\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03cc \u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf \u039a\u03c5\u03c0\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03c6\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf \u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03b3\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b7\u03b3\u03cc\u03c1\u03bf\u03b9\u00a0\u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ac\u03c1\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 (\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2) \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u00ab\u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5\u00bb, \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03ae (\u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac) \u03ba\u03af\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1 (Bernet &amp; Baker, 2013), \u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b7 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd\u00a0\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b7\u03b3\u03cc\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd\u00a0\u03b8\u03b5\u03ce\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u00ab\u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5\u00bb \u03c9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03c5\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c8\u03b5\u03c5\u03b4\u03bf\u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b8\u03ad\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf (\u03ae\u03b4\u03b7 \u03b5\u03ba\u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03c7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2) \u03b4\u03af\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf (Smith, 2016). \u0393\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac, \u03bf \u039a\u03c5\u03c0\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b1\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u03bc\u03b7\u03bd\u03ce\u03bd, \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b5\u03c1\u03c7\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c3\u03c5\u03bb\u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c5\u03c6\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c9\u03b8\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03ae \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5\u03cd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03b5\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 (\u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03be\u03b5\u03bd\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03ad\u03c9\u03bd, \u03b5\u03c0\u03b1\u03b3\u03b3\u03b5\u03bb\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b7\u03b3\u03cc\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd \u03ae \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd), \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03ba\u03cc\u00a0<em>d\u00e9j\u00e0 vu<\/em>\u00a0\u03bc\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2, \u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c7\u03bf\u03cd, \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2, \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1, \u03c9\u03c2 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03bf, \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c6\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03b3\u03b3\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9.\u00a0<strong>\u03a7\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9, \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b1\u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c9\u03c4\u03bf\u00a0\u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03bf, \u03b5\u03b3\u03ba\u03c1\u03ac\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03bf\u03b2\u03b1\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1, \u03ba\u03c5\u03c1\u03af\u03c9\u03c2,\u00a0\u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1,\u00a0\u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03b7\u03b8\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03ad\u03b6\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03b5\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u00ab\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u03ca\u03ba\u03bf\u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2\u00bb \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2, \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b2\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ae\u03b4\u03b7 \u03c5\u03c6\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03b5\u03c5\u03c1\u03b7\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd, \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ce\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c6\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5, \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5, \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03c2, \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03af\u03c2 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ae \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03b2\u03bb\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2013<\/p>\n<p>Amato, P. R. (2001). Children of divorce in the 1990s: An update of the Amato and Keith (1991) meta-analysis.\u00a0<em>Journal of Family Psychology, 15<\/em>, 355\u2013370.<\/p>\n<p>Amato, P. R., &amp; Keith, B. (1991). Parental divorce and adult well-being: A metaanalysis.\u00a0<em>Journal of Marriage &amp; the Family, 53<\/em>, 43\u201358.<\/p>\n<p>Baker, A. J. L. (2005). The long-term effects of parental alienation on adult children: A qualitative research study.\u00a0<em>The American Journal of Family Therapy<\/em>, 33, 289\u2013302.<\/p>\n<p>Baker, A. J. L. (2006). Patterns of Parental Alienation Syndrome: A qualitative study of adults who were alienated from a parent as a child.\u00a0<em>The American Journal of Family Therapy, 34,<\/em>\u00a063\u201378.<\/p>\n<p>Baker, A. J. L. &amp; Darnall, D. (2006). Behaviors and strategies employed in parental alienation: A survey of parental experiences.\u00a0<em>Journal of Divorce &amp; Remarriage, 45(1\/2)<\/em>, 97-123.<\/p>\n<p>Bernet, W. (2008). Parental alienation disorder and DSM-V.\u00a0<em>The American Journal of Family Therapy, 36<\/em>, 349\u201366.<\/p>\n<p>Bernet, W., Boch-Galhau, V. W., Baker, A. J. L. &amp; Morrison, S. L. (2010). Parental alienation, DSM-V, and ICD-11.\u00a0<em>The American Journal of Family Therapy,<\/em>\u00a038, 76 \u2013187.<\/p>\n<p>Bernet, W. (2010).\u00a0<em>Parental Alienation, DSM-5, and ICD-11<\/em>. Springfield, IL: Charles C Thomas.<\/p>\n<p>Bernet, W. &amp; Baker, A. J. L. (2013). Parental Alienation, DSM-5, and ICD-11: Response to Critics.\u00a0<em>The Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, 41<\/em>, 98\u2013104.<\/p>\n<p>Blakeslee, S., &amp; Wallerstein, J. S. (1989).\u00a0<em>Second chances: Men, women and children<\/em>\u00a0<em>a decade after divorce<\/em>. New York: Ticknor &amp; Fields.<\/p>\n<p>Bond, R. (2008). The lingering debate over the parental alienation syndrome phenomenon.\u00a0<em>Journal of Child Custody, 4<\/em>, 37\u201354.<\/p>\n<p>Booth, C., Clarke-Stewart, K. A., McCartney, K., Owen, M. T., &amp; Vandell, D. L. (2000). Effects of parental separation and divorce on very young children.\u00a0<em>Journal of Family Psychology, 14<\/em>, 304\u2013326.<\/p>\n<p>Bow, J. N., Jonathan, W. C. &amp; Flens, J. R. (2009). Examining parental alienation in child custody cases: A survey of mental health and legal professionals.\u00a0<em>The American Journal of Family Therapy<\/em>,\u00a0<em>37<\/em>, 127\u2013145.<\/p>\n<p>Bowlby, J. (1951).\u00a0<em>Maternal care and mental health\u00a0<\/em>(World Health Organization Monograph Series No. 14). New York: Columbia University Press.<\/p>\n<p>Bowlby, J. (1969).\u00a0<em>Attachment and loss: Vol. 1. Attachment<\/em>. London: Hogarth.<\/p>\n<p>Bowlby, J. (1973).\u00a0<em>Attachment and loss: Vol. 2. Separation: Anxiety and anger<\/em>. London: Hogarth.<\/p>\n<p>Bruch, C. S. (2001). Parental Alienation Syndrome and Parental Alienation: Getting it wrong in child custody cases.\u00a0<em>Family Law Quarterly, 35<\/em>, 527-552.<\/p>\n<p>Bruch, C. S. (2002). Parental Alienation Syndrome: Junk Science in Child Custody Determinations.\u00a0<em>European Journal of Law Reform, 3<\/em>, 383.<\/p>\n<p>Byrne, K. (1989). Brainwashing in custody cases: The Parental Alienation Syndrome.\u00a0<em>Australian Family Lawyer, 4(3)<\/em>, 1 \u2013 7.<\/p>\n<p>Campbell, R. J. (1989).\u00a0<em>Psychiatric dictionary (6th ed.)<\/em>. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press.<\/p>\n<p>Cartwright, G. F. (1993). Expanding the parameters of parental alienation syndrome.\u00a0<em>The American Journal of Family Therapy, 21<\/em>, 205-215.<\/p>\n<p>Clarkson, H. &amp; Clarkson, D. (2007). Confusion and controversy in parental alienation.\u00a0<em>Journal of Social Welfare &amp; Family Law, 29<\/em>, 265\u2013275.<\/p>\n<p>Cordero, D. W. (2008).\u00a0<em>The breaking of a family: Children in the battlefield.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"\/\/www.personalityresearch.org\/papers\/eagan.html\">\/\/www.personalityresearch.org\/papers\/eagan.html<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Dallam, S. J. (1998).\u00a0Dr. Richard Gardner: A review of his theories and opinions on atypical sexuality, pedophilia, and treatment issues.\u00a0<em>Treating Abuse Today\u00a0<\/em>, 8, 15-23.<\/p>\n<p>Emery, R. E. (2005). Parental Alienation Syndrome: Proponents bear the burden of proof.\u00a0<em>Family Court Review,<\/em>\u00a0<em>43,<\/em>8\u201313.<\/p>\n<p>Faller, K. C. (1998). The Parental Alienation Syndrome: What is it and what data support it?\u00a0<em>Child Maltreatment, 3<\/em>, 100-115.<\/p>\n<p>Freeman, R., Abel, D., Cowper-Smith, M., &amp; Stein, L. (2004). Reconnecting children with absent parents\u2014A model for intervention.\u00a0<em>Family Court Review, 42<\/em>(3), 439\u2013459.<\/p>\n<p>Garber, B. D. (2004). Parental alienation in light of attachment theory: Consideration of the broader implications for child development, clinical practice, and forensic process.\u00a0<em>Journal of Child Custody, 1<\/em>(4), 49\u201376.<\/p>\n<p>Garber, B. D. (2007).\u00a0<em>From theory to therapy to courtroom: Attachment security, co-parental conflict and the best interests of the child<\/em>. Paper presented to the Wisconsin Interprofessional Conference on Divorce, Wisconsin Dells, WI.<\/p>\n<p>Gardner, R. A. (1985). Recent trends in divorce and custody litigation.\u00a0<em>Academy Forum (A Publication of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis), 29<\/em>, 3\u20137.<\/p>\n<p>Gardner, R.A. (1986).\u00a0<em>Child Custody Litigation: A Guide for Parents and Mental Health Professionals\u00a0<\/em>. Cresskill, NJ: Creative Therapeutics,<\/p>\n<p>Gardner, R. A. (1991).\u00a0<em>Sex Abuse Hysteria: Salem Witch Trials Revisited\u00a0<\/em>. Cresskill, NJ: Creative Therapeutics.<\/p>\n<p>Gardner, R.A. (1992).\u00a0<em>True and False Accusations of Child Sex Abuse\u00a0<\/em>. Cresskill, NJ: Creative Therapeutics.<\/p>\n<p>Gardner R. A. (1996). A theory about the variety of human sexual behavior.\u00a0<em>Issues in Child Abuse Accusations, 5<\/em>, 295-306.<\/p>\n<p>Gardner, R. A. (1997). Differentiating between Parental Alienation Syndrome and bona-fide abuse-neglect.\u00a0<em>The American Journal of Family Therapy, 27<\/em>, 97-107.<\/p>\n<p>Gardner, R. A. (2001\u03b1).\u00a0<em>Basic facts about the parental alienation syndrome<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20051215163021\/\/rgardner.com\/refs\/pas_intro.html\">\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20051215163021\/\/\/rgardner.com\/refs\/pas_intro.html<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Gardner, R. A. (2001\u03b2). Parental Alienation Syndrome (PAS): Sixteen years later.\u00a0<em>Academy Forum, 45<\/em>, 10-12.<\/p>\n<p>Gardner, R. A. (2001\u03b3). \u00a0Commentary on Kelly and Johnston\u2019s The Alienated Child: A Reformulation of Parental Alienation Syndrome.\u00a0<em>Family Court Review,<\/em>\u00a0<em>42<\/em>, 611\u2013621.<\/p>\n<p>Gardner, R. A. (2002\u03b1). Misinformation versus facts about the contributions of Richard A. Gardner, M.D.\u00a0<em>The American Journal of Family Therapy, 30,\u00a0<\/em>\u00a0395-416.<\/p>\n<p>Gardner, R. A. (2002\u03b2).\u00a0<em>PAS And The DSM-V: A Call For Action<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20031220023819\/\/mensnewsdaily.com\/archive\/g\/gardner\/gardner100602.htm\">\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20031220023819\/\/\/mensnewsdaily.com\/archive\/g\/gardner\/gardner100602.htm<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Gardner, R. A. (2003). Does DSM-IV have equivalents for the Parental Alienation Syndrome (PAS) diagnosis?\u00a0<em>The American Journal of Family Therapy, 31<\/em>, 1-21.<\/p>\n<p>Houchin, T. M., Ranseen, J., Hash, P. A. K. &amp; Bartnicki, D. J. (2012). The Parental Alienation Debate Belongs in the Courtroom, Not in DSM-5.\u00a0<em>Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, 40<\/em>, 127\u201331.<\/p>\n<p>Hoult, J. (2006). The evidentiary admissibility of Parental Alienation Syndrome: Science, law, and policy.\u00a0<em>Children\u2019s Legal Rights Journal, 26<\/em>, No. 1.<\/p>\n<p>Johnston, J. R., Walters, M. G., &amp; Friedlander, S. (2001). Therapeutic work with alienated children and their families.\u00a0<em>Family Court Review<\/em>,\u00a0<em>39<\/em>, 316\u2013332.<\/p>\n<p>Johnston, J. R. (2003). Parental Alignments and Rejection: An Empirical Study of Alienation in Children of Divorce.\u00a0<em>Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law,<\/em>\u00a0<em>31<\/em>, 158\u201370.<\/p>\n<p>Johnston, J. R. &amp; Kelly, J. B. (2004). Rejoinder to Gardner\u2019s \u201cCommentary on Kelly and Johnston\u2019s \u2018The alienated child: A reformulation of Parental Alienation Symdrome\u2019\u201d.\u00a0<em>Family Court Review, 42<\/em>, 622-628.<\/p>\n<p>Katz, A. (2003). Junk Science v. Novel Scientific Evidence: Parental Alienation Syndrome, setting it wrong in custody cases,\u00a0<em>Pace Law Review, 24<\/em>, 239-243.<\/p>\n<p>Lavadera, A. L., Ferracuti, S. &amp; Togliatti, M. M. (2012). Parental Alienation Syndrome in Italian legal judgments: An exploratory study.\u00a0<em>International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 35<\/em>, 334\u2013342.<\/p>\n<p>Lowenstein, L. F. (1998). Parent Alienation Syndrome: A two-step approach toward a solution.\u00a0<em>Contemporary Family Therapy, 20<\/em>, 505-520.<\/p>\n<p>Lowenstein, L. F. (2007).\u00a0<em>Parental alienation: How to understand and address parental alienation resulting from acrimonious divorce or separation<\/em>. Dorset, UK: Russell House.<\/p>\n<p>Lowenstein, L. F. (2010). Attachment Theory and Parental Alienation.\u00a0<em>Journal of Divorce &amp; Remarriage<\/em>,\u00a0<em>51<\/em>, 157\u2013168.<\/p>\n<p>Markan, L. K., &amp; Weinstock, D. K. (2005). Expanding forensically informed evaluations and therapeutic interventions in family court.\u00a0<em>Family Court Review<\/em>,\u00a0<em>43<\/em>, 466\u2013480.<\/p>\n<p>Martindale, D. &amp; Gould, J. W. (2007).\u00a0<em>The Art and Science of Child Custody Evaluations<\/em>. New York: The Guilford Press.<\/p>\n<p>Meier, J. S. (2009). A historical perspective on Parental Alienation Syndrome and Parental Alienation.\u00a0<em>Journal of Child Custody, 6<\/em>, 232 \u2014 257.<\/p>\n<p>Pignotti, M. S. (2014).\u00a0<em>Parental alienation diagnosis. A modern and effective subtype of domestic violence, endemic in Italian courts<\/em>. \u0391\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf 70\u03cc \u03a3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ad\u03b4\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0399\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03a3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b4\u03ad\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u03a0\u03b1\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c4\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd, \u039a\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03ae \u0395\u03b8\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03a3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 SIP, SICuPP, SITIP, \u03a0\u03b1\u03bb\u03ad\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf, \u0399\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03af\u03b1. 11-14 \u0399\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 2014.<\/p>\n<p>Polak, S. &amp; Saini, M. (2015). Children resisting contact with a parent postseparation: Assessing this phenomenon using an ecological systems framework.\u00a0<em>Journal of Divorce &amp; Remarriage, 56<\/em>, 220\u2013247.<\/p>\n<p>Reich, W. (1949).\u00a0<em>Character analysis.<\/em>\u00a0New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.<\/p>\n<p>Siegel, J. C. &amp; Langford, J. S. (1998). MMPI-2 Validity scales and suspected Parental Alienation Syndrome.\u00a0<em>American Journal of Forensic Psychology, 16(4)<\/em>, 5 \u2013 14.<\/p>\n<p>Sher, L. (2015\u03b1). Parental alienation: the impact on men\u2019s mental health.\u00a0<em>International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health<\/em>, ISSN (Online) 2191-0278.<\/p>\n<p>Sher, L. (2015\u03b2). Parental alienation and suicide in men.\u00a0<em>Psychiatria Danubina, 27<\/em>, 288-289.<\/p>\n<p>Smith, H. (2016). Parental Alienation Syndrome: Fact or fiction? The problem with its use in child custody cases.\u00a0<em>University of Massachusetts Law Review, 11<\/em>, 64 \u2013 99.<\/p>\n<p>Vestal, A. (1998). Mediation and Parental Alienation Syndrome.\u00a0<em>Family and Conciliation Courts Review, 37,<\/em>\u00a0487-503.<\/p>\n<p>Wallerstein, J. S., &amp; Kelly, J. B. (1976). The effects of parental divorce: Experiences of the child in later latency.\u00a0<em>American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 46<\/em>, 256\u2013269.<\/p>\n<p>Wallerstein, J. S., &amp; Kelly, J. B. (1980).\u00a0<em>Surviving the breakup: How children and parents cope with divorce<\/em>. New York: Basic Books.<\/p>\n<p>Warshak, R. A. (2001). Current controversies regarding Parental Alienation Syndrome.\u00a0<em>American Journal of Forensic Psychology, 19<\/em>, 29-59<\/p>\n<div id=\"atatags-370373-5c19ec68c93b3\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"wpcnt\">\n<div class=\"wpa wpmrec\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- AddThis Advanced Settings generic via filter on the_content --><!-- AddThis Share Buttons generic via filter on the_content -->","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0388\u03bd\u03b1 \u03ac\u03c1\u03b8\u03c1\u03bf \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u0398\u03ad\u03ba\u03bb\u03b1\u03c2 \u03a0\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c0\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b2\u03b9\u03b2\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u0393\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u0391\u03c0\u03bf\u03be\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 Gardner \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf \u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b5\u03bc\u03b7\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b5\u03bb\u03b8\u03cc\u03bd. <!-- AddThis Advanced Settings generic via filter on get_the_excerpt --><!-- AddThis Share Buttons generic via filter on get_the_excerpt --><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[76,77],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.synepimelia.gr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3519"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.synepimelia.gr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.synepimelia.gr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.synepimelia.gr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.synepimelia.gr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=3519"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/www.synepimelia.gr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3519\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3930,"href":"https:\/\/www.synepimelia.gr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3519\/revisions\/3930"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.synepimelia.gr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=3519"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.synepimelia.gr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=3519"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.synepimelia.gr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=3519"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}